Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)

 

Overview

Allergic rhinitis (commonly known as hay fever), is an allergic reaction that occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to airborne allergens such as dust mites, pollen, mould, or pet dander. This reaction causes inflammation inside the nose and may also affect the eyes and airways, leading to cold-like symptoms. Some people experience symptoms seasonally, while others may have them throughout the year.

 

Causes

Allergic rhinitis is triggered by exposure to allergens in the environment. Common triggers include:

• Dust mites
• Pollen from trees, grass, or weeds
• Pet dander (tiny flakes of skin from animals)
• Mould spores
• Insect droppings

 

Certain factors may increase the likelihood of developing allergic rhinitis, such as having a family history of allergies, asthma, or eczema, as well as early exposure to cigarette smoke or allergens.

 

Symptoms

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis are often similar to the common cold but are usually triggered shortly after exposure to allergens. Common symptoms include:

• Sneezing
• Runny or blocked nose
• Itchy nose, throat, or eyes
• Watery or red eyes
• Postnasal drip and cough
• Tiredness or disrupted sleep

 

Unlike a common cold, allergic rhinitis does not usually cause fever or body aches, and nasal discharge is typically clear.

 

Treatment

Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and reducing exposure to allergens. Depending on the severity of symptoms, treatment options may include:

• Antihistamines to relieve sneezing, runny nose, and itching
• Decongestants for temporary relief of blocked nose
• Nasal steroid sprays to reduce inflammation
• Eye drops for itchy or watery eyes
• Non-medicated treatments : Saline nasal rinses or sprays and steam inhalation to help clear nasal passages

 

For persistent or severe symptoms, a doctor may recommend further evaluation or additional treatment options.

 

Prevention

Avoiding or reducing exposure to allergens can help prevent flare-ups. Helpful measures include:

• Vacuuming and cleaning the home regularly
• Washing bedding frequently in hot water
• Using air purifiers with HEPA filters
• Keeping pets out of bedrooms
• Avoiding outdoor exposure during high pollen periods

·       Keep your home dry and well-ventilated, and deal with any damp and condensation

 

When to See a Doctor

Medical advice should be sought if:

• Symptoms are severe or worsening (eg. thick yellow or green mucus / phlegm)
• Symptoms interfere with sleep or daily activities
• Over-the-counter treatments do not help
• You experience shortness of breath, chest pain, or persistent fever
• Symptoms are accompanied by thick yellow or green mucus

 

Individuals with asthma should also consult a doctor if their breathing symptoms worsen alongside allergic rhinitis.